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Module 025 · Cultural Cartography

The Chameleon Country

Every landscape Morocco has pretended to be

Morocco has played Ancient Rome, Jerusalem, Tibet, Mogadishu, Mombasa, Ancient Egypt, Persia, Afghanistan, Mars, and the American Southwest. Foreign shoots generated $150 million in 2025 — triple the pre-2021 level. And the most famous Morocco film of all — Casablanca— was never filmed here.

200+

productions

Atlas Studios since 1983

$150M

foreign revenue

2025 record (CCM)

128

years

since Lumière, 1897

50+

identities

Ouarzazate alone

The Chromatic Filmography

27 productions. Colour strips = dominant palette. Hover for details.

Lawrence of Arabia1962 · David Lean
OuarzazateArabian Desert$15Mlocal: $2M
Epic
The Man Who Would Be King1975 · John Huston
High AtlasKafiristan (Afghanistan)$8M
Adventure
Jesus of Nazareth1977 · Franco Zeffirelli
Aït BenhaddouJerusalem / Holy Land$18M
Epic
The Jewel of the Nile1985 · Lewis Teague
Fez / MeknèsNorth Africa (fictional)$26Mlocal: $3M
Adventure
The Living Daylights1987 · John Glen
TangierTangier (as itself)$40Mlocal: $2M
Action
The Last Temptation of Christ1988 · Martin Scorsese
Aït BenhaddouJerusalem / Palestine$7M
Drama
The Sheltering Sky1990 · Bernardo Bertolucci
Tangier / ErfoudNorth Africa (as itself)$25M
Drama
Kundun1997 · Martin Scorsese
Atlas StudiosTibet$28Mlocal: $4M
Biography
The Mummy1999 · Stephen Sommers
Ouarzazate / ErfoudAncient Egypt$80Mlocal: $8M
Adventure
Gladiator2000 · Ridley Scott
Ouarzazate / Aït BenhaddouAncient Rome / North Africa$103Mlocal: $12M
Epic
Black Hawk Down2001 · Ridley Scott
Ouarzazate / SaléMogadishu, Somalia$92Mlocal: $10M
War
Spy Game2001 · Tony Scott
Casablanca / RabatBeirut, Lebanon$92Mlocal: $5M
Thriller
Kingdom of Heaven2005 · Ridley Scott
OuarzazateJerusalem / Crusader States$130Mlocal: $15M
Epic
Sahara2005 · Breck Eisner
Merzouga / ErfoudMali / Niger / Sahara$160Mlocal: $8M
Adventure
Babel2006 · A. G. Iñárritu
Taguenzalt / OuarzazateMorocco (as itself)$25Mlocal: $3M
Drama
The Bourne Ultimatum2007 · Paul Greengrass
TangierTangier (as itself)$110Mlocal: $6M
Thriller
Inception2010 · Christopher Nolan
TangierMombasa, Kenya$160Mlocal: $4M
Sci-Fi
Prince of Persia2010 · Mike Newell
Ouarzazate / Aït BenhaddouAncient Persia$200Mlocal: $18M
Adventure
Game of Thrones2013 · Various
Essaouira / Aït BenhaddouAstapor & Yunkai (GoT)$6M/eplocal: $3M
Fantasy
Only Lovers Left Alive2013 · Jim Jarmusch
TangierTangier (as itself)$7M
Drama
American Sniper2014 · Clint Eastwood
Rabat / SaléIraq$59Mlocal: $4M
War
Mission: Impossible — Rogue Nation2015 · C. McQuarrie
MarrakechMarrakech (as itself)$150Mlocal: $8M
Action
Spectre2015 · Sam Mendes
Tangier / Oujda / ErfoudTangier + desert lair$245Mlocal: $10M
Action
Ben-Hur2016 · Timur Bekmambetov
OuarzazateJerusalem / Roman Judea$100Mlocal: $10M
Epic
John Wick: Chapter 32019 · Chad Stahelski
EssaouiraCasablanca (fictional)$75Mlocal: $5M
Action
Gladiator II2024 · Ridley Scott
Ouarzazate / Aït BenhaddouAncient Rome / Numidia$200Mlocal: $30M
Epic
The Odyssey2025 · Christopher Nolan
Essaouira / Aït Benhaddou / DakhlaAncient Greece / Mediterranean$250Mlocal: $25M
Epic

The Look-Alike Index

How often each city has “played” another place. Green = played itself.

Ouarzazate / Aït Benhaddou50 productions
Ancient Rome ×4Ancient Egypt ×6Jerusalem ×5Tibet ×2Persia ×2Bible lands ×8Fantasy ×4Mars ×2SomaliaItself ×11
Tangier18 productions
Mombasa ×1Beirut ×1"Exotic East" ×3Itself ×13
Marrakech15 productions
Generic Middle East ×3India ×1Itself ×11
Essaouira12 productions
Ancient Greece ×2Slaver's Bay ×2Venice/Cyprus ×1Itself ×6
Erfoud / Merzouga10 productions
Ancient Egypt ×3Mali/Niger ×2American SW ×1Mars ×2
Rabat / Salé8 productions
Iraq ×2Beirut ×1Somalia ×1Itself ×4

The $150 Million Year

Foreign production revenue (USD millions). 3× growth since pre-2021.

$80M
2019
$25M
2020
$44M
2021
$60M
2022
$114M
2023
$150M
2024
$150M
2025

CCM / Minister Bensaid, Chamber of Representatives, January 2026

The Casablanca Paradox

The most famous Morocco film was shot entirely at Warner Bros. Studios, Burbank, California, 1942. Humphrey Bogart never set foot in Casablanca. The airport in the final scene is a painted backdrop with a cardboard aeroplane.

But Rick's Café now exists. A real restaurant in Casablanca, opened 2004. Fiction created the place. The place then created itself to match the fiction. The chameleon ate its own tail.

Reading Notes

The Chameleon Logic

Why does Ouarzazate work as Ancient Rome, Jerusalem, Tibet, and Mars? The light: clear Saharan air produces shadows so sharp they look cinematic without filters. The architecture: pisé walls read as ancient in any culture because they are ancient. The emptiness: the landscape is so stripped of modern markers that a director can project any era onto it.

The Colour Signature

Ridley Scott's palette is warm ochre and burnt sienna. Nolan works in high-contrast blues and desaturated earth. Stahelski pushed Essaouirainto midnight blue and gold. The same stone, the same light — rendered unrecognisable by colour grading alone.

The $150 Million Question

The real competitive advantage is not financial — it is geographic. Morocco offers Sahara, Atlantic coast, snow-capped Atlas, imperial cities, and desert kasbahs within a 4-hour drive. No other country can double for that many continents in a single production day.

Ouarzazate has been Rome, Egypt, Jerusalem, Tibet, Persia, Somalia, and Mars. Tangier has been Mombasa and Beirut. Essaouira has been Slaver's Bay and ancient Greece. And Casablanca — the city that gave its name to the most famous film in history — has never once appeared in that film. The chameleon does not choose its colours. The world projects them.

Biodiversity Hotspots

Sources

Revenue: Minister Bensaid, Chamber of Representatives, Jan 2026 (Morocco World News). $150M (MAD 1.5B) foreign revenue 2025; pre-2021 under $50M. Gladiator II: Le Monde, $30M local spend. Atlas Studios: founded 1983, 200+ productions. First film: Lumière, 1897. Casablanca (1942): Warner Bros., Burbank, CA (IMDb). Budgets: Box Office Mojo. Palettes: editorial approximation.

© 2026 Dancing with Lions

© Dancing with Lions